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ANALOG
(') '-.. /
DEVICES
FEATURES Pretrimmed to :1:0.5%max Error, 10:1 Denominator Range (AD535K) :1:2.0%max Error, 50:1 Denominator Range (AD535K All Input~ (X, Y and Z) Differential Low Cost, Monolithic Construction APPLICATIONS General Analog Signal Processing Differential Ratio and Percentage Computations Precision AGC Loops Square-Rooting
Internally rimmed T Integrated CircuitDivider
OBS
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PRODUCT DESCRIPTION The AD 535 is a monolithic laser trimmed two-quadrant divider having performance specifications previously found only in expensive hybrid or modular products. A maximum divider error of :1:0.5%is guaranteed for the AD535K without any external trimming over a denominator range of 10: 1, :1:2.0%max error over a range of 50: 1. A maximum error of :1:1 over the 50: 1 % denominator range is guaranteed with the addition of two external trims. The AD535 is the first divider to offer fully differential, high impedance operation on all inputs, including the z-input, a feature which greatly increases its flexibility and ease of use. The scale factor is pretrimmed to the standard value of 10.00; by means of an external resistor, this can be reduced by any amount down to 3.
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PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS 1. Laser trimming at the wafer stage enables the AD5 35 to provide high accuracies without the addition of external trims (:to.5% max error over a 10:1 denominator range for the AD535K). Improved accuracies over a wider denominator range are possible with only two external trims (:1:0.5%max error over a 20:1 denominator range for the AD535K). Differential inputs on the X, Yand Z input terminals enhance the AD5 35's versatility as a generalized analog computational circuit. Monolithic construction permits low cost and, at the same time, increased reliability.
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The extraordinary versatility and performance of the AD535 recommend it as the first choice in many divider and computational applications. Typical uses include square~rooting, ratio computation "pin-cushion" correction and AGC loops as illustrated in the applications section of the data sheet. The device is packaged in a hermetically sealed, 10-pin TO-100 can or 14pin TO-116 DIP and made available in a:1:1% max error version (]) and a :1:0.5%max error version (K). Both versions are specified for operation over the 0 to +70oC temperature range.
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X2
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SF
NC
Y1
Y2
TO-100 (TOP VIEW)
TO-1l6 (TOP VIEW)
Information furnished by Analo~J Devices is believed to be and reliable. However, no responsibility IS assumed by Analog for its 'Jse, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by tion or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog
accurate Devices of third ImplicaDevices.
Route 1 Industrial Park; P.O. Box 280; Norwood, Mass. 02062 Tel: 617/329-4700 TWX: 710/394.6577 West Coast Mid-West Texas 213/595~1783 312/894-3300 214/231~5094
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----
SPECIFICATIONS:t15V,RL~2kSt, TA= +25Cunlessotherwise stated) (Vs=
PARAMETER TRANSFER FUNCTION TOTAL ERRORI CONDITIONS Figure 2 No External Trims, Figure 2 1V~X~lOV, Z~ Ixi 0.2V~X~lOV,z~lxl With External Trims, Figure 5 O.5V~X~lOV, Z~ Ix I 0.2V~X~lOV, Z~ Ix I TEMPERATUR~ COEFFICIENT 1V~X~10V,Z~IXI 0.5V~X~10V, z~IXI 0.2V~X~lOV,Z~IXI 1V~X~lOV 0.5V~X~lOV O.2V~X~ 10V
No External Trims, Figure
AD535J 10(Z2-ZI)+YI (XI -X2) 1.0% max 5.0% max 1.0% max 2.0% max O.Ol%/OCtyp 0.02%fC typ 0.05%fC typ 0.1 %/V typ 0.2%/V typ 0.5%/V typ
AD535K *
8
0.5% max 2.0% max 0.5% max 1.0% max * * * * * * * * * *
OBS
SQUARE ROOTER TOTAL ERROR I NOISE2 BANDWIDTH INPUT AMPLIFIERS3 CMRR Bias Current Offset Current Differential Resistance
AMPLIFIER3 OUTPUT Open-Loop Gain Small Signal Gain-Bandwidth 1% Amplitude~rror Output Voltage Swing Slew Rate Settling Time Output Impedance Wide-band Noise OUTPUT CURRENT
SUPPLY RELATED Error Vs =:l:14V to :l:16V
11
0.4% typ 0.7% typ
1V~Z~lOV 0.2V~Z~10V
X=0.2V, f= 10Hzto 10kHz X=0.2V
f = 50Hz, 20V p-p
f
=50Hz VOUT =0.1 V rillS
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4.5mV rillS typ 20kHz tYE 60dB min 2.0f.1A max O.lf.1A typ 10MSt tY
CLOAD Tmin to Tmax VOUT =20V p-p
VOUT
=1O00pF
:1:1%
70dB typ 1MHz typ 50kHz typ
:I:11 V min 20V If.1styp 2f.1styp O.ISt typ 1mV rillS typ 90f.1V rillS typ 30mA max
TE
* * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * *
8
= 20V
Unity Gain, f~ 1kHz f = 10Hz to 5MHz f = 10Hz to 10kHz Tmin to Tmax, RI = 0
< POWER SUPPLIES Rated Performance Operating Supply Current
NOTES: .Specifications same as ADS 35J. 1 Figures are given as a percent of full scale (i.e. 1.0% 2 Noise may be reduced as shown in Figure 14. 3 See Figure 1 for definition of section. Specifications subject to change without notice.
Quiescent
:l:15V :l:8V min, :l:18V max 6mA max
= 100mV).
8
-2-
PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
TO-116
I-0.472111991 --I
VOUT
=A
[
(XI-XZ)(YI-VOUT)
SF
- (ZI
-Zz)
]
where A =open loop gain of output amplifier, typically 70dB at dc
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u
0.032 10811
0.05 1127)
0.018 1046)
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x, Y, Z = input voltages SF = scale factor, pretrimmed to 10.00V but adjustable by the user down to 3V. In most cases the open loop gain can be regarded as infinite and SF will be 10V. Dividing both sides of the equation by A and solving the VOUT, we get... (Zz - Zd VOUT = 10V (Xl - Xz) + YI
+vs
SF
0.1 12541
-VS
TO-lOO
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X,
X2
v,
V2
TRANSLINEAR MUL TlPLIER ELEMENT
z,
Z2
Figure 1. AD535 Functional Block Diagram
ABSOLUTE
MAXIMUM RATINGS :t18V 500mW Indefinite :tVs 0 to +70C -65C to +l50C +300C
Supply Voltage Internal Power Dissipation Output Short-Circuit to Ground Input Voltages, XI, XZ, Y I, Y Z, ZI , Zz Rated Operating Temp Range Storage Temp Range Lead Temp, 60s soldering PRICING
SOURCES OF ERROR Divider error is specified as a percent of full scale (i.e. 10.00V) and consists primarily of the effects of X, Y and Z offsets and scale factor (which are trimmable) as shown in the generalized equation....
VOUT
TE
OUT
HIGH GAIN OUTPUT AMPLIFIER
=(SF
+ .6.SF)
[
(Zz - ZI ) + Zos (XI -Xz)+Xos
]
+ Y I + Yos
1-24 AD535JH AD535JD AD535KH AD535KD $26.00 $30.00 $36.00 $41.00
25-99 $21.00 $25.00 $30.00 $35.00
100-999 $16.00 $20.00 $24.00 $29.00
Note especially that divider error is inversely proportional to X, that is, the error increases rapidly with decreasing denominator values. Hence, the AD535 divider error is specified over several denominator ranges on page 2. (See also Figure 12, AD535 Total Error as a function of denominator values.) Overall accuracy of the AD5 35 can be significantly improved by nulling out X and Z offset as described in the applications sections. Figure 13 illustrates a factor of 2 improvement in accuracy with the addition of these external trims. The remaining errors stem primarily from scale factor error and Y offsets which can be trimmed out as shown in Figure 6. Figure 14 illustrates the bandwidth and noise relationships versus denominator voltage. Whereas noise increases with decreasing denominator, bandwidth decreases, the net result given by the expression... EnoUT (wideband)
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION Figure 1 is a functional block diagram of the AD5 35. Inputs are converted to differential currents by three identical voltage to current converters, each trimmed for zero offset. The product of the X and Y currents is generated by a multiplier cell using Gilbert's trans linear technique with an internal scaling voltage. The difference between XY (SF and Z is applied to the high gain output amplifier. The transfer function can then be expressed...
=~
mV rms
it:O)
-3-
--
-
-------
External filtering can be added to limit output voltage noise even further. In this case... EnOUT (B.W. externally limited) = 0.9..Jf ~ ~O)
where f
Negative denominator inputs are handled as shown in Figure 4. Note that in either configuration, operation is limited to two quadrants (i.e. Z is bipolar, X is unipolar). A factor of two improvements in accuracy is possible by trimming the X and Z offsets as illustrated in Figure 5. To trim, set X to the smallest denominator value for which accurate computation is required (i.e., X = 0.2V). With Z = 0, adjust the Zo trim for VOUT =O. Next, adjust the Xc trim
for the best compromise Z =-X (VOUT =-laY). when Z
mV rms
=bandwidth
in MHz of an external
filter whose band-
width is less than the noise bandwidth of the ADS 35. Table 1 provides calculated values of the typical output voltage noise, both filtered and unfiltered for several denominator values. Noise 10Hz to 5MHz 8.9mV 5.6mV 4.0mV 1.3mV rms rms rms rms Noise Limited by External Filtenng 10Hz to 10kHz 4.5mV rms 1.8mV rms 0.9mV rms 0.09mV rms
= +X
(VOUT
= +lOV)
and
Finally, readjust Zo for the best
X 0.2V O.5V IV 10V
compromise at Z = +X, Z = -X and Z = O. The remaining error (Figure 13) consists primarily of scale factor error, output offset and an irreducible nonlinearity component.
+15V
OBS
Table 1. AD535Calculated Voltage Noise
VaUT"
IX MUST
X,N 50k Xo ADJ. lOOk
APPLlCA TIONS Figure 2 shows the standard divider connection without external trims. The denominator X, is restricted to positive values in this configuration. X, Y and Z inputs are differentia] with high (80dB typical) CMRR permitting the application of differential signals on X and Z (see Figure 3).
VOUT lOOk 50k Za ADJ.
'~Z
BE
POSiTlVE(
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-15V
Figure 5. Precision Divider Using Two Trims
-15V
Figure2. Divider Without External Trims
In certain applications, the user may elect to adjust SF for values between 10.00 and 3 by connecting an external resistor in series with a potentiometer between SF and -Vs. The approximate value of the total resistance for a given value of SF is given by the relationship: SF RSF = 5.4K 10 - SF Due to device tolerances, allowance should be made to vary RSF :1:25%using the potentiometer. Note that the peak signal is always limited to 1.25 SF (i.e. j:5V for SF =4).
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=+lOV)
and Z
OUT
8)
---
- 10 IZ, - z, (
--0
VOUT -~;I x, - x, MUSTBE
POSITIVE
Z~
'VI
-15V
-b
.
1i
The scale factor may also be adjusted using a feedback attenuator between VOUT and Y2 as indicated in Figure 6. The input signal range is unaffected using this scheme. Scale factor and output offset error can be minimized utilizing the four trim circuit of Figure 6. Adjustment is as follows: 1. 2. Apply X = +0.2V (or the smallest required denominator value), Z = 0 and adjust Zo for VOUT = O. Apply X = 0.2V. Then adjust the Xo trim for the best
compromise when Z
I j
Figure 3. Differential Divider Connection
+15V
= +X
(VOUT
=
X
INPUT
VOUT Z
102 -x-
INPUT
(X MUST BE NEGATIVE!
3. 4.
5. 6.
Figure 4. Divider Connection for Negative X Inputs
-x (VOUT = -lOV.) Apply X = +lOV, Z = 0 and adjust Yo forVOUT = U. Apply X = +lOV. Then adjust the scale factor (SF) trim for the best compromise when Z = +X (VOUT = +lOV) and Z = -x (VOUT= -lOV). Repeat steps 1 and 2. Apply X =0.2V. Then adjust the Z trim for the best compromise when Z = X (VOUT = +lOV), Z = 0 (VOUT = 0) and Z = -X (VOUT = -laY).
-4-
+15V
50k
In typical applications L (expressed in voltage) is roughly equal to full scale VIH or VIV. The result is that the expression,
.v(VIH2 + VIV 2 + L 2 ),
VaUT lOOk 50k +15V
varies less than 2: lover
the full range
of values of VIH and VIV.
+15V
Ya ADJ. -15V 50k SCALE FACTOR ADJ. 1k 20k
Z INPUT
Major sources of divider error associated with small denominator values can thereby the minimized.
V,H
z
x DIVIDER VOH TO CRT
-15V
lOOk
V,V
Z AD535 DIVIDER 'O;r X VOV
OBS
.15V
}
DISPLAY
Figure 6. PrecisionDivider with Four External Adjustments
These trim adjustments can be made either by using two calibrated voltage sources and a DVM, or by using a differential scope, a low frequency generator, a voltage source and a precision attenuator. As shown in Figure 7, the differential scopeerrors. Set the expected ideal oujfut onl y subtracts the attenuation to 10'
and thus displays
DIVIDER UNDER TEST
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SCOP[
Figure 8. Pin-Cushion Corrector
Figure 9 shows an AGC loop using an AD535 divider, The AD535 lends itself naturally in this application since it is configured to provide gain rather than loss. Overall gain varies
from 1 to 00 as the denominator is servoed to maintain VauT at a constant level.
INPUT VaUT (CONSTANT ,msl
TE
AD536 'ms/dc CONVERTER
Figure 7. Alternate Trim Adjustment
PIN-CUSHION CORRECTION
Set-Up
(FIXED OR ADJUSTABLEI
A pin-cushion corrector eliminates the distortion caused by flat screen CRT tubes. The correction equations are: VIH VaH
Figure 9. AGC Loop Using the AD536 rms/dc Converter
as a Detector
J
and
VIH2 + VIV2 + L2
Figure 10 showsa method for obtaining the time averageas defined by: 1T X=T [ Xdt where T is the time interval over which the average is to be taken. Conventional techniques typically provide only a crude approximation to the true time average, and furthermore, require a fixed'time interval before the averagecan be taken. In Figure 10, the AD535 is used to divide the integrator output by the ramp generator output. Since the ramp is proportional to time, the integrator is divided by the time interval, thus allowing continuous, true time processing of signals over intervals varying by as much as 50:1.
Vav
V I VIH 2
VIV
+ VIV 2 +L 2
where:
VaH and Vav are the horizontal and vertical output signals, respectively. VIH and VIV are the horizontal and vertical input signals, respectively. L is the length of the CRT tube.
-5-
10%
V,N
INTEGRATOR
z
AO535
x
VOUT
I I
=
dt
I
-;-J~IN
I
.. & <5
RESET
I
l"'-l
I
i
.
MAX FOR SPEC AD535J WITHTWOEXT.TRIMS
RAMP GENERA TOR
B '" ~
'0
~
1%
c
"
I
,,
g
_:SK vV V
*-
Figure 10. Time Average Computation
+15V VOUT
~
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I
r-----WITH2 EXT.TRIMS
I
YPICAL
TYPICALFORAD535J
Circuit
~ I
I
I II
WITH 4
.1TRIMS..><
=.JiOZ
'
~
a: a: w :#-
~ 0_1%
"
t::
TYPICAL WITH FOR AD534K 2 EXT. TRIMS
RL
, ,
(MUST BE PROVIOED)
I
co ,.... -co I co I &3 (D <5
10
0.01
0.1 DENOMINATOR
1 IN VOLTS
OBS
INPUT
-15V
Figure 13. .Errors with External
OUTPUT NOISE.rms
Trims at 25C
BANDWIDTH
NOTE Z MUST BE POSITIVE IN CIRCUIT SHOWN, IF DIODE IS REVERSED, THEN Z MUST BE NEGATIVE
Figure 11. Square Rooter
I I I
10%
I
'--i
-
AD535 ERROR WITH NO EXTERNAL TRIMS
,--,-~-
,-,---L+~---
f ~~
'
I---t-t-t -+H-Ii! 'II
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1-r-jI
Ii
-l
ii' "
,
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---1
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L-+-
II
,
I
MAX AD535J i
TI !
1l--f~
I
TYPICAL
--~
I
i
AD534K
",
: ,
i
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I
-
--+
0_1% 0.1
i
-
~ i
T
AD5 35J TYPICAL
i
.
I
,
i
I
I I
I
'--~-+-
I
ii
TYPICA~ AD535K
I
I
,I
1
I
IN VOLTS
I
I II
10
II
TE
100kHz 10kHz
(
100~V 0_1
1.0 DENOMINATOR IN VOLTS
DENOMINATOR
-
Figure 12.
AD535Error
with No External
Trims
Figure 14. -3dB Bandwidth and Noise vs. Denominator
< c, , ( L t
'"",-
-6-

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